Did the Terrorist Attacks of 11 September 2001 Confirm the Thesis that “Intelligence Failures are Inevitable”?
Seet Uei Lim
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Abstract: While intelligence failure was a contributory cause of the september 11 (9/11) attacks, it was not the sole cause. although it failed to provide plot-specific tactical warnings, the us intelligence community (ic) did provide political and strategic warnings to policymakers. having warned policymakers at two out of three warning phases, one can argue that the overall performance of the ic was not a failure; at best, it qualifies but does not confirm the thesis that “intelligence failure is inevitable.” surprise was as much a policy response failure as it was a tactical warning failure. in this light, 9/11 instead validates the thesis that “strategic surprise is inevitable.” Keywords: 9/11; Surprise and Intelligence Failure; Terrorist Attacks; Tactical Warning
Source:
Pointer Vol. 38, No. 2 2012
Series:
Pointer Article ; Vol. 38, No. 2
Language:
English
BRN:
129659